PRODUCTION OF BISCUIT FROM PLANTAIN AND SWEET POTATOES FOR THE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS CHAPTER ONE

PRODUCTION OF BISCUIT FROM PLANTAIN AND SWEET POTATOES FOR THE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION Osteoporosis is a disease in which bone weakening increases the risk of a broken bone. It is the most common reason for a broken bone among the elderly. Bones that commonly break include the vertebrae in the spine, the bones of the forearm, and the hip. Until a broken bone occurs there are typically no symptoms. Bones may weaken to such a degree that a break may occur with minor stress or spontaneously. After a broken bone, chronic pain and a decreased ability to carry out normal activities may occur (Jones, 2003). Osteoporosis may be due to lower-than-normal maximum bone mass and greater-than-normal bone loss. Bone loss increases after menopause due to lower levels of estrogen. Osteoporosis may also occur due to a number of diseases or treatments, including alcoholism, anorexia, hyperthyroidism, kidney disease, and surgical removal of the ovaries. Certain medications increase the rate of bone loss, including some antiseizure medications, chemotherapy, proton pump inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and glucocorticosteroids. Smoking and too little exercise are also risk factors. Osteoporosis is defined as a bone density of 2.5 standard deviations below that of a young adult (W.H.O, 2003). This is typically measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry(W.H.O, 2003). Prevention of osteoporosis includes a proper diet during childhood and efforts to avoid medications that increase the rate of bone loss. Efforts to prevent broken bones in those with osteoporosis include a good diet, exercise, and fall prevention. Lifestyle changes such as stopping smoking and not drinking alcohol may help. Biphosphonate medications are useful in those with previous broken bones due to osteoporosis. In those with osteoporosis but no previous broken bones, they are less effective. A number of other medications may also be useful (Berg KM, Kunins HV, Jackson JL, Nahvi S, Chaudhry A, Harris KA, Malik R, Arnsten JH., 2008). Osteoporosis becomes more common with age. About 15% of Caucasians in their 50s and 70% of those over 80 are affected (W.H.O, 2003). It is more common in women than men. In the developed world, depending on the method of diagnosis, 2% to 8% of males and 9% to 38% of females are affected. Rates of disease in the developing world are unclear. About 22 million women and 5.5 million men in the European Union had osteoporosis in 2010.In the United States in 2010, about eight million women and one to two million men had osteoporosis. White and Asian people are at greater risk. The word "osteoporosis" is from the Greek terms for "porous bones"(Well G, Cranney A, Peterson J, Boucher M, Shea B, Robinson V, Coyle D, Tugwell P, 2008). Justification of the Study There is no standardized recipe for making biscuit from plantain, sweet potato and flour. This project work therefore tries to introduce a recipe and method for producing biscuit from plantain, sweet potato and flour for the management and prevention of Osteoporosis. 1.2 Aim and Objectives 1.2.1 Aim The aim of this project is to produce biscuit from plantain and sweet potatoes for the prevention and management of Osteoporosis. 1.2.2 Specific Objectives To formulate composite flour for the production of biscuit from plantain and sweet potato for the prevention and management of Osteoporosis. To produce biscuit from plantain and sweet potato for the prevention and management of Osteoporosis. To carry out sensory evaluation.