Causes and Effects of Street hawking Among Teenage Girls
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1
Background of the
Study
The topic of this
research is “Causes and Effects of Street hawking Among Teenage Girls” with a
case study of Galadima Street in Kaduna State. There is a popular saying in
religious circles to the effect that love of money is the root of all evils
while this may appear like an exaggeration, it closely contain a gem of truth
especially in country like Nigeria where men and women have almost completely
lost the true value of money, the purpose of this research topic is to enable
the researcher identify the causes of hawking which has become a social problem
in the society.
Furthermore, having
been able to identify the causes of this research topic and the possible social
and economic implications, the research intends to offer suggestion as to how
the government of the day can come about believe that the knowledge of the
causes and the consequent implication of hawking can bring about a high degree
of awareness to the members of the general public.
This research topic
there, is intended to promote better understanding of the subject matter and to
investigate the causing role played by individuals and the society in general.
The reason for this is that it has been a basic fact that no individual lives
in isolation because people are born and bred in one form of group of the
other. Above it all, stories have shown in the invaluable influence of other
people on the rest members of a given society and vice versa.
On the whole, this
survey is principally aimed at eradicating all those features of our behaviour
in the past which have made our society a by-word for disharmony, dishonesty,
distrust and disservice, the survey aims at raising our individual and
collective consciousness to enable us dream great dream and attain lofty
goals,. To seek and to attain what is noblest in human nature, to place the
highest value on and respect the dignity of human life and finally to purse
honest endeavours and to take pride in personal advance only through hardwork. Galadima
Street is located in the Southern part of Kaduna State which fall in Savannah
region of the country. Galadima village derives it name from the word Bare bari
a tribe from Borno empire who came in search of knowledge and settled at the
olden days Gad around 5,000 years ago. The olden day Galadima was located along
Kaduna river in the north and east of present Galadima a boundary with Sabon
Gari Street in the South. Fulani herdsmen roaming in search of pasture for
their cattles settled with the bare baris while they were busy teaching some of
the inhabitants Islamic knowledge and ignoring the art of leadership to the
Fulani hence after the demise of first Sarki Muhammadu Yanusa, the Fiulani took
advantage of the situation and grab the mantle of leadership after a little
scuffle with the immediate successor from the barebari clan, the first Sarki
from the house of Fulaniw as Jagawa installed around 17 century, he ruled for
five years and died as a result of an undiagnosed ailment, he was succeeded by
his son “Lamu” within that period many of the Fulani rules and died within a
short period, this creates fear in the heart of Fulani’s hence a settler from
Kano in the name of Muhammadu lawal Dare take the throne.
However, as a result
of attacks of wild animals, the elders decided to relocate to present Galadima
Street with Mohammadu Lawal as the first Sarki who ruled for almost 50years,
the Fulani make a move to take back what belong to them and Muhammadu Idris became next Sarki. The
indigene of Galadima street are Christians and Muslim but still very much
accommodated to people of other religion believe. Although the researcher found
out the during the early Galadima street, there are idol worshipers and
predominately farmers.
Galadima street
people are industrious, law abiding and religious citizens, there are quite
number of social amenities like Portable water supply, electricity, post
office, one commercial bank, one higher institution, Nigeria School of Legal
Studies, also have two post primary schools and lots of private primary and
secondary schools.
1.2
Statement of the
Problem
The number of
teenagers engaged in street hawking has been increasing at an alarming rate in
the society. It is also pertinent to note that observation and experience have
showed that the average and well to do individuals look forward to see these
hawkers to buy things they want to buy or need either internationally or as a
result of lack of alternative seller. It is in the light of this therefore,
that the researcher intends to know much more about the hawkers and why members
of the general public prefer to buy their immediate needs from them despite the
various government effort to eradicate the immoral practice even though the parents
and guardians of the hawkers seem to turn blind eyes and deaf ears to both its
social and economic implications.
The researcher is
particularly interested in identifying the unalterable group of individually
perceive their chosen system of trade, possible reaction from some of the force
and aggrieved hawkers. On the whole, the researcher is very much interested in
knowing the kinds of steps taken by the government and the factors that led to
their occurrence.
1.3
Objective of the
Study
The topic of this research
is “Causes and Effects of Street hawking Among Teenage Girls” with a case study
of Galadima Street in Kaduna State with the following objectives:
1.
To
examine the cultural concept of street hawking
2.
To
identify the causes and effects of street hawking
3.
To
know the socio-economic impact of street hawking in Galadima street, Kaduna
State
4.
To
indentify the measures government can take to curb or reduce street hawking in
Galadima Street, Kaduna State
1.4
Research Questions
For earlier conduct
of this survey, the researcher has based on two hypothesis below. The following
research questions are in mind to serve as a guide:
1.
What
are the social and economic implication of hawking
2.
What
are the possible factors responsible for hawking
3.
What
categories of people indulge themselves in hawking
4.
What
is the government’s position on hawking and the hawkers?
5.
How
does the members of the general public perceive hawking and hawkers
6.
Is
it true that mothers force their children to hawk because of material wealth
7.
Do
girls hawk to achieve their worldly desire
8.
Do
husbands fail to provide sufficient fund for the maintenance of their families,
a situation which compel mothers to force their children to hawk
1.4 Scope of the Study
The scope of this
study will focus on the effect of street hawking among teenage girls and the
study is limited to Galadima Street.
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
This chapter deals
with the review of related literature under the following headings:
1.
Conceptual
framework
2.
The
concept of street hawking
3.
The
causes of street hawking
2.2 Conceptual Framework
A well substantial
amount of relevant literatures on hawking in available for reviewed to properly
locate the problem under consideration and to unveil the gaps in knowledge as
established by scholars.
Banjoko (1996) sees
a comprehensive review of relevant literature as essential ingredient for the
development of knowledge through research. This chapter therefore examines the
related literature on the causes and effects of street hawking among teenage
age girls in Galadima street, Kadiuna State. An appropriate theoretical
framework was also adopted based on it’s predictive and explanatory power.
2.2 The Conceptual of Street Hawking
The
review will therefore draw attention to:
·
Reason
for street hawking
·
Causes
of street hawking
·
Effects
of street hawking
Street hawking is
the offer of goods for sales by going from house to house, street to street by
the individuals who engage in this type of trade. In a paper titled “Fight
Against Crime” published in the New Nigeria of 22nd April 1985, a
one time Deputy Commissioner of Police in –charge of Kaduna State Police
Command, Alhaji Yunusa Isah cautioned that the responsibility of crime
prevention is not only a civil duty but also a national one that concerns all.
And this is why in the research, parents should work in conjunction with social
welfare agencies and members of the law enforcement agencies to check and
combat hawking so that the society will be free from the hazards caused by the
activities of the hawker. Still in his paper, the police boss condemned the
erroneous belief of the general public that crime prevention was the sole
responsibility of the law enforcement agencies and added that to achieved any
meaningful success, there must be total commitment and sacrifice by all.
Furthermore, the
deputy police commissioner said that religious leaders had a moral
responsibility of education and conditioning their followers to the doctrines
of both Islam and Christianity which imposed the injunction of doing what is
good and refrain from what is evil. In addition, he charged the citizenry
against emphasis on materialism, pointing out the display of wealth
particularly by the elders and the well-to do individuals in the society had
neglected efforts on crime prevention, and this is what is exactly happening in
our Nigeria of today.
2.3 The Causes of Street Hawking
In a paper titled
“The Causes and problem of Hawking” presented to participants of a workshop at
Bida two hall a lecturer in the Department of Social Service, College of
Administrative and Business Studies Bida, Mallam Mohammed Chado continued that
unless the husbands are prepared to play their fatherly roles in the homes, the
wives would continue to engage female children to have in order to make ends
meet, and to overcome poverty engendered by the unequal distribution of wealth
and opportunities in the society.
On her own part,
Miss Ladi Hanlai, a lecturer at the University of Maiduguri frowned at the way
young girls have been given out of early marriages making special reference to
Borno state. She condemned in strong terms, reason given by the people that
girls are economic burden on their and suggested that it would be ideal if the
age of 21 was made minimum for a girl to marry so that she would attain proper
mental and physical maturity she made all these observation in the publication
of Daily Times of 26th June 2008 in her paper titled “Conflict
between education and early marriage for women and it’s effects on development concluding
that social-cultural consideration has to a large extent been responsible for
early marriages.
Also, in the recent times, problems related to
serious criminal behaviour among the hawkers have been given considerable
attention by the media and the public
such that the hawkers staying at the petrol station and car park have
been referred to as delinquents instead of hawkers.
Miller (1969)
defined delinquency as “behaviour by non-adults which violate specific legal
norms of a particular societal institution with sufficient frequency and or
seriousness so as to provide a firm basis for legal action against the behaving
individual or group and the behaviours projected by the hawkers are not
exceptional from the definition above.
In all societies,
majority number of hawker is female sex and this statement has been justified
by the reports of Maggle Jones published in National Concord of April 3, 1987
titled neglect of female children Maggie Jones who wrote her report to World
Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations International Children Education
Fund (UNICEF) showed that throughout the would, majority of cultures prefers
sons and B that girls and women health often suffers as a result.
This report is not
different from the observation and experience witnessed of Galadima street
because the fathers or husbands leave the care and upbringing of their
daughters (children) in the hands of their wives who later exposed them to moral
danger by assigning them to hawk, under the pretext that by so doing, theyc an
satisfy their urge for materialism.
Also participants in
an international workshop on “Child Abuse and Neglect” held in Lagos from 15th
– 19th October, observed that hawking had deprived children of the
chance of being at school when they ought to and also deny the parents and
community the chances of offering fact need not to be introduced whenever one
sees any of them, their manners of approach to men dictates the category of
hawker’s patronizes only the sugar daddies and well-to do individuals who pay
them thrice or more the price of the actual cost of whatever goods they pretend
to be selling.
In addition, these
sugar-daddies and well-do to individuals buy them a lot of valuable materials
order the pretend to marry them, and will turn to disappoint them after having
carnal knowledge of them. The most unfortunate story about this class of
hawkers is that they would still not go away from these sugar daddies and
well-to-do individuals even though they have been bitterly disappointed,
because of the material gains they receive investigation has show that this
class of hawkers are never good cooks, because they spend all of their days
going from one street to another all in the name of hawking.
The hawkers in this
class category have also been recognized to be prominent in divorce causes
since they have been used to loosed life and world of luxury which they are
likely not to get in their various matrimonial homes.
Socialization
The third factor as
one of the causes of hawking is the issue of socialization. Individuals hawkers
that fell into this group or class account for about 40 percent of the hawking
population. The individual in this category are prompted by the wish to go.
CHAPTER THREE
Research Methodology
3.1 Introduction
This chapter deals
with the methods of data collection which includes research design, area of the
study, population of the study, sampling size and sampling techniques.
3.2 Area of the Study
Galadima Street in
Kaduna South Local Government is where my research is conducted and limited to.
3.3 Population of the Study
The target
population for this study consists of all the male and female members of
Galadima street. According to (2009 Census) the total number of Galadima street
is 500 people.
3.4 Sampling Size and Sampling Technique
It is a simple
random samplings, which the whole house numbers will be put in one place and
out of all one is picked to represent all.
3.5 Research Instrument
The instrument used
in collecting the data from the people is questionnaire.
3.6 Method of Data Analysis
A code book will be
designed to facilitate transfer of the survey data into a summary form in the
code sheet, this code sheet will be analyzed. The data will be analyzed and
interpreted using simple percentage for variables analysed and chi-square for
Bavaria analysis, percentage will also be used because it is a statistical
measured tool used for descriptive purpose.
CHAPTER FOUR
Data Analysis and Presentation
4.1 Introduction
In order to refresh
the readers memory, the topic of this researcher is “Causes and Effects of Street Hawking Among Teenage Girls” taking
Galadima street as the case study. The researcher is singularly priviledged to
state here with all seriousness and every sincerity that during the period of
researching into this topic, a total of three hundred and fifty questionnaires
were distributed in Galadima street town and they were wonderfully returned
answered.
4.2 Presentation and Analysis of the Data
Collection
For the purpose of
data presentation and analysis however, reference should be made to the
information early given in chapter three (3). The researcher’s topic is hereby
divided into the following component namely; concept, scope, causes, social and
economic implication of hawking for easier assimilation.
4.2(a)
Concepts
The four key words
in the part of research topic are social and economic implications of hawing
and therefore call for clearer definition. The term “social” means living in
groups, not separately, man is a social animal. In a nutshell, it is the
relationship between persons who live in the same community as a result of
interaction. “economic” on the other hand, means an act or activity designed to
give a profit or something connected with commerce and industry. Alfred
Marshall, the famous Cambridge economist, defined economics as the study of
mankind in the ordinary business of life, that is, in getting a living or in
helping to satisfy the materials wants of others.
Furthermore,
“implication” means a necessary or presumable inference, not directly declared
arising out of acts or words in evidence. Implication is also used in the sense
of inference, that is where the existence of an intention is inferred from act
not done for the sole purpose of communicating it, but for some other purpose.
Thus, if a person orders good to be sent to him he impliedly promise to pay for
them finally “hawking” in this context refers to goods for sale, by going from
houses to houses, street to street by the hawkers or individuals who engages in
this type of trade.
4.2(b)
Scope
For the purpose of
this research, “hawking” is generally broken down into two principal groups
namely; edible and materials things, under the group of edible things being
offered for sales are kolanuts, groundnuts, carrots, garden eggs, oranges,
bananas, mangoes and cakes. Others include pineapple, food vendors, roasted
meat vendors and water e.t.c.
Edible in this
context refers to something offered for sale as clothes, plates, kerosene,
jewelries, shoes e.t.c this class of make – ups and domestic use.
4.1(c)
Causes of Hawking
The causes of
hawking in Galadima street have been identified to be three types namely;
poverty, materialism and socialization. However, it was gathered that
traditions also contribute to causes of hawking in Galadima street, only that
the first causes had outweighed this. It is in the light of the above
information received during the period of research that the hawkers are grouped
into three main classes as earlier mentioned above.
Table 4.1: Causes of Hawking as attributed
by the respondents
|
Causes
of hawking
|
Divided
opinion of the respondent
|
Percentage
(%)
|
|
Poverty
|
53
|
15
|
|
Socialization
|
140
|
40
|
|
Materialism
|
157
|
45
|
|
Grand
total
|
350
|
100
|
Poverty
The researcher was
reliably informed that hawkers in this group were sent into the occupation by
their parents (mostly mothers) in order to make ends meets and to overcome
poverty engendered by the unequal distribution wealth and opportunities. It is
pertinent to note that it is not the making of the parents of the hawkers in
this group to see their daughters engaged in this system of trade but as a
result of economic predicament which could be responsible for their untold
hardships.
The research
investigation also showed what the hawkers in this group have not time to be
engaged in dubious or questionable activities since their parents show them
love, devotion and understanding as well as guidance along with constructive
direction.
In a nutshell, such
parents do not claim to be ultra-liberal and therefore do not leave their
children (hawkers) completely to their fates. Hawkers in this group have no
taste for section and one easily identifies them whenever and wherever you come
across one. One important fact about the hawkers in the group is that unlike
other classes of at least three times daily in preparation for their prosperous
and happy matrimonial homes. The researcher’s enquiries showed that this class
of hawkers constitutes only 15 percent of the hawking population.
Materialism
During the course of
research on this topic, the researcher was made to understand that about 45
percent of the total hawkers do so for material wealth’s. in other words, the
hawkers in this class have serious taste for fashion and as a matter of the
best to the children, hawking which is a part of child abuse and neglect, was
pointed out by the hawking had deprived children of the chance of being at
school when they ought to and also deny the parents and community the chances
of offering the best to the children. Hawking which is a part of child abuse
and neglect, was pointed out by the participants to be antithetical to social
development. The participants also with
the believed that lack of adequate care of the hawkers made them prove to socio
–moral and psycho-emotional decadence, this they said is as a result of the
fact that the hawkers, physical, social and psychological enegies were not
properly channeled.
The participants
also stated that hawkers are likely to be associated with all forms of vices
including delinquency and crimes such as truancy, pick pocketing, sexual and
drug abuse the children neglected abused and allowed to hawk. It was note that,
later it become security risks and pose a great danger to live and properties
and to the general well being of society.
Mothers are said to
be less well developed than other infants, and so they start out in life
disadvantaged. He went further to state that alcoholics and heavy drinkers tend
to develop cirrhosis of lives, heart disease, cancer and other cripping or
fatal diseases more frequency then does any other segment of the population
round all the nooks and corners of Galadima street and this they cannot do
without having some goods, how small it may be, to hawk or sell. The class of
hawkers that constitutes this group are mostly school girls who are believed to
be proud of how many wards they have been to and the number of boyfriends they
keep.
They like hawkers in
the group of materialism also engages themselves in dubious and questionable
behaviour because of the motivation and stimulation they receive from their
boyfriends. They also constitute to a large extent, the rate of marriage
instability within Galadima metropolis, as they always want their husbands to take
them on outings and attend social gatherings that they have been used to and
such act as seriously against the norms of the society.
Furthermore, the
hawkers in this class are mostly “bad cook” and hate anything that would take
them to the kitchen because they had been left loose to their parents. In most
cases, their mother-in-laws have intervene in instance where they fail to
measure up to expectation of their husbands. The most shameful part of the
story is that, the hawkers activities are geared up by their parents most
especially the mothers whoa s these hawkers for money without necessary
questioning them on how and where they got the money from.
The table below
shows the various opinions of the respondents in the survey
Table 4.2: Age
background of the respondent
|
Opinion Poll
|
Age background
|
Total
|
||||
|
20 – 29
|
30 – 39
|
40 – 49
|
50- 59
|
60
|
|
|
|
Number
of the respondents that agreed on the social and economic implication of
hawking
|
80
|
74
|
63
|
49
|
34
|
300
|
|
Number
of the respondent that did not agree on the social and economic implication
of hawking
|
5
|
8
|
10
|
18
|
9
|
50
|
|
Grand total
|
85
|
82
|
73
|
67
|
43
|
350
|
The above table is
the frequency distribution of the age group of the respondents using the class
interval of 10 from the above information therefore, under the age group of
between 20 – 29 years, about 80 respondents agreed that hawking has social and
economic implication while 5 of them disagreed.
Under the group of
30 – 39 years, 74 respondents answered in favour of the research topic while 8
of them were against. Between the ages of 40 – 49, the supporters were 63 while
about 10 of them opposed. In the group of 50 – 59years, 49 respondents
supported while 18 respondents went contrary.
Furthermore, under
the age group of 60 years and above, 34 respondents favoured the topic while 9
of them did not finally, it can then be concluded that out of the 350
respondents in the research, about 300 of them agreed that “hawking” has social
and economic implication while the remaining 50 respondents about 14 percent
did not see anything bad in hawking.
|
Opinion Poll
|
Male
|
Female
|
Total
|
|
|
|||
|
Number
of respondents that agreed on the social and economic implication of hawking
|
203
|
92
|
300
|
|
Number
of respondents that did not agree on the social and economic implication of
hawking
|
16 (4%)
|
34 (10%)
|
50 (14%)
|
|
Grand total
|
|
|
|
From the above
table, it is clearly visible that among the 300 respondents constituting 86%
that polled in favour of the social and economic implication of street hawking,
203 about 50% of them were men while the rest 97 amounting to 28% were the
female gender. If one turn to look at the number of the people that polled
against the research topic, one will see a clear cut difference between 16
about 4% as scored by the male and 34 about 10% scored by the females. In the
final analysis, one is then able to identify that it is only 50 against the 300
about 86% scored by the supporters of the hypothesis of interest.
Table “C”: Marital
Status
|
Opinion Poll
|
Married
|
Single
|
Total
|
|
Number
of respondents that agreed on the social and economic implication of hawking
|
207 (59%)
|
93 (27%)
|
300 (86%)
|
|
Number
of respondents that did not agree on the social and economic implication of
hawking
|
36 (10%)
|
14 (49%)
|
50 (14%)
|
|
Grand total
|
243 (69%)
|
107 (31%)
|
350 (100%)
|
From the above illustration,
one can deduce that out of the 300 about 86% people that stands firmly beside
the fact that street hawking has social and economic implication, about 207
constituting 55% of them are married and it’s only 93 about 27% respondents
that are not yet married but single.
On the contrary, 36
married respondents about 10% polled against the research topic while 14
unmarried person constituting 4% aired their vies against the topic.
NB: From the result
of the tables, one can therefore conclude that a large proportion of the
respondents about 86% agreed that “causes and effect of street hawking among
teenage age girls” has its social and economic implications , leaving the
remaining 14% against the topic, it is patients to note here that more makes were
collected in the survey than the female
that had only 38% of the survey population.
Table “D” (Ages and
Sexes of the Hawkers)
|
Sex
|
8 – 12
|
13 – 17
|
18 – 22
|
Total
|
|
Boys
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
4
|
|
Girls
|
40
|
102
|
204
|
346 (99%)
|
|
Grand total
|
44
|
102
|
204
|
350 (100%)
|
From the above
illustration therefore, it can be seen that under the age group between 8 – 12
years, only 4 respondents agreed that boys constitute streets hawking while
about 40 respondents agreed that girls are mostly hawkers. From between ages 13
– 17, none of the respondents agree that boys hawks but about 102 of them
agreed on the issue of girls hawkers. Under the age category of between 18 –
22, about 204 respondents agreed that girls are the people that hawk.
4.2 The Social and Economic Implications of Hawking
“Hawking” which is
the offer of goods for sale by going from house to house, street to street by
the individuals who engages themselves in this type of trade have been
confirmed to have some adverse effects both socially and economically and
thereby making it’s implication to be social problems. Social problems are
specific to societies and specific to the social condition of societies at a
given item. It may be operationally defined as a persistent and widespread
failure to sustain the norms of the society which is behind capable of
amelioration (Donald, 1973).
From the above
statement therefore, the analysis of both social and economic implication of
hawking is presented below, but first starting with the social implication.
4.2a Social Implications of Hawking
The theory of
Lumbroso that delinquents are born and that inmate criminal propensities with
which they are born in to the world are solely responsible for delinquency has
been challenged by sociologists and criminologists. It is therefore the humble,
conviction of the researcher that what is currently gaining ground is that delinquents are not
born but that they are made in and by the society. It must be confessed that
heredity factors do affects personality make up and consequently the propensity
to delinquency but consider these as the sole cause of delinquency is clearly
an exaggeration.
Some of the social
implication of hawking are that the hawkers lack a positive and satisfactory
relationship with parents or guardians as the case may be, because they are
fully engaged in hawking from down-to-deep night and this affects their normal
development, while hawking, hawkers who are denied the positive venues of
gaining recognition and obtaining satisfaction, try to gain or acquire some
through negative sources such as stealing, prostitution, cheating and so on
those of them who fall victim of being impregnated by their so called
customers, boyfriends and sugar – daddies are being looked down upon in the
entire Galadima street. To the community, the most shameful thing that could
behold a woman in illegitimate pregnancy the shame follows her to her children,
even to her grandchildren who remain socially stigmatized.
Another social
implication of street hawking is that majority of the girls that constitute
hawking occupation cannot prepare acceptable food for the family to eat or
consume and thereby becoming a nuisance to the husband who would later marry
them. History and experience has show that in the most case, their
mother-in-law or other appropriate person who could be of help do a lot of them
make these hawkers become women and prospective housewives.
Socially, another implication
of hawking is that the former hawkers even though they are now married, has no
respect for their husbands as they addressed them the way they addressed their
former boyfriends. And this in no small way, had contributed to the number of
marriage instability in Galadima street, in most cases, these hawkers are
educationally backward and easily get contracted by sexually transmitted
diseases e.g gonorrhea or AID/HIV.
4.2b Economic Implications of Hawking
Economically,
hawking has been proved to have some implication to both the hawkers and their
buying customers, as the two parties have been observed not to be careful in
the spending of money, time e.t.c and in the use of goods in other worlds, they
are very wasteful in the management of avoidable scarce resources.
On the other part,
the man who buys things from the hawkers, they distribute whatever goods they
buy to the audience extravagantly just to make a show-up concern and total
affection for their hawking girlfriends and pretend to be generous while in
total scarcity and poverty. Infact this acts put a lot of man in financial embarrassment
because they always want to keep and possibly increase the pace at which they
buy things from their hawking girlfriends as a result of the competitive nature
of the game.
Furthermore, a lot
of married young men fails to fulfill their financial obligation to their wives
(who were once probably hawkers), because they want to reserve whatever amount
of money they control to their girlfriends who are hawkers.
At this juncture, it
is stated here that a lot of young boys and adults had turned to be delinquents
and criminals respectively because they want to fulfill he financial
obligations they had assigned on the themselves.
On the part of the
hawkers that tend to be financially extravagant
and buy things that has little or no value to them, the hawkers but
luxury things like jewelries, clothes that are expensive, cosmetics and so on,
so that they will be judge on the based of their attractiveness, their looks,
their charms, their sex appeal e.t.c and the number of the admires for a girl
to full these, the demands of her role requires or is facilitated by the right
types of clothes, use of cosmetics, ornaments, shoes, bag e.t.c. for some girls
one way of getting these things by stealing and prostitution, and therefore for
the girls, stealing, cheating and prostitute in a supportive activity to the
female role.
It is also pertinent
to note that a lot of unsuccessful suitors had lost thousand of naira to girls
(hawkers) who had earlier promised to be their wives but had their proposal
changed by their parents who in the actual act are not aware of such courtship
relationship and the expenditure of investment of such a huge sum of money.
Economically, the
researcher was told by one of the victim of these hawkers that one was in a
dilemma if one had regular customers who brought things to one to buy.
According to him, these hawkers even in your absence would still keep down
whatever they sell for you and in your return, you would be informed that this
is what happened in your absence. In most cases, he said, one stood the danger of not seeing what she had sold to
you, because they have been consumed by your usual audience.
4.3 Data Analysis
As a researcher
making use of interview format type of research question, a total of three
hundred and fifty (350) interview format were distributed among various
categories of people resident in Galadima street, because the researcher was
confident that these were the people that are in best position to provide
necessary information needed for this work. In addition to make assurance
doubly used, the researcher personally conducted verbal interviews with people
and carried out observation where possible.
For better
understanding of this data analysis, readers are place requested to reflect
their memory back to the four table in the preceding pages of this projects. In
table A, which shows the age background of the research respondent’s a total of
85 young adults, 28 youths, 73 middle aged persons and 110 old person were
sampled or research. However in table B, attention as focused on the sexes of
the respondents and a total of 219 males and 131 females were got for this
research purpose. On the contrary table C shows the marital status of the
researcher’s respondents when a total of 243 married and 107 unmarried persons
were entered in this research. The final table on this research while is table
D, centred on the ages and sexes of the hawkers themselves, under this table,
only 4 respondents associated boys with hawking while the remaining 346
respondent’s associated hawking occupation to only the girls alone.
Furthermore, from the available information at the
researcher’s disposal, the respondents individually attributed the immediate
causes of hawking to three principal factors namely; poverty, materialisms and
socialism, the elders sampled in this survey also hawking in the post but
concluded that the modern hawking has been caused by the earliest list three
factors.
The total of 300
persons (respondents) about 86 percent that agreed on the social and economic
implication of hawking listed pregnancy out of wedlock, disease, economic
predicament, delinquency, prostitution, truancy, beyond parental control and
educational backwardness as a number of some immediate consequences of hawking.
Above it all, the pointed out that hawking among girls leads to marriage
instability in their later life, since according to the respondent’s the
hawkers had got a certain bad exposure that their respective husbands cannot cope with or tolerate.
The later statement
could be true because the researcher has every reason to believe that the
statement is nothing apart from truth. The situation that exists in Galadima
street of today where one finds a proliferation of young married women’s
association of flirters is a clear testimony of the truth of the statement, the
behaviours of these young married women who made know to their husbands their
affairs with some other unfaithful men without due regard to their matrimonial
settlings, tends to exceed their husbands tolerance limits and consequently
adding to the wave of the social problems in Galadima Streets.
The above story is
justified by an English philosopher, Thomas Hobbes in his book “Lebiathas”
where he opined that in the state of nature, man’s life is ‘short, nasty,
British and poor”. He described further the state of nature as one where man’s
predatory instinct our rides other considered in his quest for material
development.
According to the
English philosopher, in the state of nature man is a compulsive consumer who
brazenly acquires what he need at all costs regardless of the effect on the
means by which he acquires his needs affect others.
Thomas Hobbes
concluded that is to prevent the chaos that is attendant to such retrace that
social contract is enacted between he people and a constituted authority now –
regarded as a state. On the whole, in the analysis of this survey data, the
researcher is confident that this system of trade has social and economic
implication for society since about 300 respondents that account 86 percent of
the total number of the respondents entered in this survey did supported the
above assertion. The respondents agreed that poor standard of living in the
country is a responsible factor for hawking and this has been caused by
inadequacy of food, they however expressed sadness that despite the
government’s efforts and the large investment of the nations resources in
agriculture, prices of staple food are still beyond the reach of many citizens.
Finally, the
respondents suggested that to effectively eradicate hawing in the society so
that the society will be free from it’s consequences, the government most not relent minimum, so that there will
be less dependency on others
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Introduction
During the course of
making research into this topic, the research as reliable told that majority of
the hawkers lack a positive and satisfactory relationship with parents or
guardians, because they are fully engaged in hawking from down to deep night
and this had negatively affected their normal development. The researcher also
gathered during the course of this survey that hawkers denied the positive
ventures of gaining recognition and obtaining sanitization try to acquire same
through negative source such as stealing, cheating and prostitutions.
Furthermore, the
researcher was made to understand that adolescent hawkers more than others
engage in such act as smoking, drinking alcohol, sexual intercourse, cheating
and so on. It must be mentioned here that the researcher was reliably informed
that some of the hawkers slept outside their home due to exposure to negative
influence.
5.2 Summary
On the whole,
information received from the respondent’s revealed that some parents encourage
hawking in order to makes ends meet and to overcome poverty engendered by the
unequal distribution of wealth and opportunities in the society. Experience had
also shown that a larger percentage of the hawkers became prone to resisting
control especially parental control.
The researcher wish
to restate here that a total of three hundred and fifty questionnaires were
distributed to the same number of respondents. In this survey, a total number
of 53 respondents comprising of 15 percent attributed the cause of hawking to
poverty while 140 of the respondents about 40 percent attribute the cause of
hawking to the present day socialization, the remaining 45percent of the
respondents that supported a population of 157 attributed the cause of hawking
to materialism.
In terms of economic
implications of hawking, a lot of men have been financially embarrassed,
because they always want to keep and increase the pace at which they buy things
from their hawking girlfriends as a result of the competitive nature of the game,
furthermore, a lot of married obligations to their wives (who were once
probably hawkers) because they want to reserve whatever amount of money they
control to their girlfriends who are hawkers.
On the part of the
hawkers, they tend to be economically extravagant and buy things that have
little or no value to them, the hawkers buy luxury things like jewelries,
expensive clothes, cosmetics and so on, that they will be judged on the abuse
of their attractiveness, their looks, their charms, the sex appeal and so on,
and the number of suitors had lost thousands of naira to girls (hawkers) who
had earlier promised to be their wives but had their proposals changed by their
parents who in actual fact were not aware of such courtship.
5.3 Conclusion
Hawking has been
confirmed to be social problem and it’s consequent implications has been
attributed to the end result of anti-social behaviours, the researcher had
observed that some social problems do not necessarily originated from an individuals
but rather, they have cultural believes and hawking is not an exception, the
researcher was made to understand that traditionally, hawking as a system of
trade in Galadima street is as old as the first settlers of Galadima street.
In the whole of
Galadima street, hawking has been socially and traditionally accepted in many
social centres, market places working and public places and above all, cultural
occasions. As a result of this, the possibility and changes of engaging in
anti-social behaviours during hawking is left open to individuals hawkers and
this lead them to problems of prostitution, alcoholism, stealing, abortion and
so on.
The deviant
behaviours indulged in by the hawkers has been identified to be as a result of
the pursuit of the values that the rest members of society are running after,
but only through channels and means that are unacceptable to the society, as in
the view of Robert Merton in his book “Social Structure and Anomie”. It is
therefore of the researcher’s opinion that some hawkers prostitute, steal and
cheat to get money because of the value the society puts on property and they
could not acquire this through the normal and honest hawking.
A larger number of
the respondents asserted that money has become the only visible means by which
such enhancement may be facilitated and the desire for it has become so
uncontrollable that ethics and morals are thrown to the winds in the bid to
acquire wealth so that their taste for fashion could be accomplished.
On the whole, the researcher’s
survey has shown that street hawking has social and economic implications. Some
of which has been highlighted in the previous chapters. It also has three
principal causes which include poverty, socialization and materialism, apart
from some minor influences which include tradition. It is in view of this that
the researcher is obliged to state here that the two hypotheses in this
research had adverse social and economic implications in the society.
Furthermore, the
researcher found it pertinent to in a nutshell, to redefine the principal
causes of hawking as being used in this write up, poverty is being defined as
the state of being poor and unable to sustain a living on his own. As already
seen, the hawkers that make up for this system of trade constitutes only 15
percent of the hawking population. Socialization as one the cause of
hawking on the other hand has being asserted to be a process whereby a new
member of a society acquire the necessary experience that will make him an
effective member of his new environment and is therefore concerned with
preparation for participation in group life. The hawkers in this category
constitutes for about 30 percent of the hawking populace.
Finally, materialism
is the state whereby some individuals place value only on material things
wealth and bodily comforts in order to fit into the society they belong to. The
researcher wish to conclude here that the survey had shown that hawker’s
boyfriends and sugar – daddies have given them a lot of moral and financial
supports, they had helped them make a lot of major decisions. They are so much
in love that they don’t hide anything from each other. It is unfortunate that
regular customers in there businesses, holding firmly that one good turn
disserves the other with the philosophy that nothing goes for nothing.
5.4 Recommendations
Just like other
researchers, this researcher has a number of recommendations to make in order
to put an end to the social and economic implication of street hawking. Now
that the two hypotheses have being tested during the period of survey and the
positive hypothesis carried the day, the researcher is confident that what the
research result has shown is exactly the true picture of the whole story.
Moreover, the
researcher is of the humble belief that if these recommendations are strictly
applied, the socio-economic consequences of hawking would turn to a thing of
the past. Below are the researcher’s recommendations:
(a)
To
effectively eradicate street hawking in Galadima street the social welfare
office and the social welfare department of Galadima street should be
adequately founded by the government and the private organization.
(b)
Parents
must give more emphasis on moral rectitude and discipline of their children.
(c)
Social
workers should be given wider powers to enable them arrest and prosecute any
hawkers found on the street practiting this system of trade.
(d)
The
state government should as a matter of urgency provide the social workers with
motorcycles so that they will enjoy carrying out that noble duties, the state
government must also provide the social welfare office, Galadima street with a
vehicle so that the officials can effectively monitor the activities of the
hawkers and other clients.
REFERENCES
Brthollas C. (1976), Juvenile Victimization:
Sage Publication
Eart J. (1959), The Dictionary of English
Law, Published by Sweet and Maxwell Ltd. London.
Etziomi A. (1976), Social problem, Published by Prentice Hall
Inc.
Etziomi A. (1976), Social Problem, published
by Prentice Hall Inc. Nigeria of 22nd April 1985.
Grosser G., Juvenile Delinquency and
Contemporary American Sex Roles, Halail: “Give Free Education Girl” Daily Times
26th January, 1987.
Isah A. Y.: Fight Against Crime, Published
in New York.
Robert M, Social Structure and Anomie
Rodgers B (1969), The Battle against
Poverty, published by Routiedge and Kegan Paul Ltd.
Report of the International workshop on
child abuse and neglect: Implication for national and international social work
(policies and practice) hold between 15th – 19th October,
1990 and published by Federal Ministry of Culture and Social Welfare, Lagos –
Nigeria.
Smart, C. (1976), Women, crime and criminology, Udu D. I. M
“Combating Crime in the Society” The reporter 9th November, 1987.
Udu, D. I. M (1987), Combating crime in the
society” The Reporter 9th November.
QUESTIONNAIRE
Department of Social
Development
College of
Administrative Studies and Social Sciences
Kaduna Polytechnic,
Kaduna
The researcher is a final student of the
above mentioned department conducting a research on “Causes and Effects of
Street hawking among Teenage Girls”. You are therefore kindly requested to
assist the researcher with relevant data been asked in this questionnaire by
completing blank spaces or tick yes or no where applicable.
The researcher will assure you that whatever
information provided would be treated as confidential and only for the purpose
it be asked for, below are these questions.
1.
Name
2.
Your
age
3.
Sex
4.
Marital
status
5.
Occupation
6.
In
your opinion, what do you think is/are the cause(s) of street hawking
7.
State
the sex and ages of people that hawks
8.
Is
it true that these hawkers engage in anti-social behaviours (a) Yes (b) No
9.
If
your answer is yes, list some of behaviours you know
10.
Is
it true that some of the hawkers sleep outside their homes (a) yes (b) No, if
your answer is yes why
11.
Do
you think that hawkers take hawking as occupation (a) yes (b) no
12.
Do
parents encourage or discourage hawking (a) yes (b) no, if your answer is yes
why?
13.
What
are the effects of hawking on children
14.
Had
there been any step taken by the government to stop hawking (a) yes (b) no
15.
Which
of these agencies in your opinion can best control hawking
(a) parents (b) social welfare office (c) police (d) none
(a) parents (b) social welfare office (c) police (d) none
16.
How
can the agency of your opinion control hawking
ABSTRACT
The research is
concerned with “Causes and Effects of
Street Hawking Among Teenage Girls” with a case study of Galadima Street,
Kaduna State. The most important aspect of this study is to investigate to
what extent hawking among the hawkers affects their moral conducts and social
relationship with others because no individual person leaves in isolation, the
research also aim at determining the socio-economic effects of hawking in order
to bring them to the notice of the people and offer possible and valuable
suggestions so as to find a lasting solution to the problems which have become
canker worms.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page................................................................................. i
Declaration............................................................................... ii
Approval page........................................................................... iii
Dedication................................................................................ iv
Acknowledgement..................................................................... v
Abstract.................................................................................... vi
Table of Content........................................................................ vii
CHAPTER
ONE
Introduction
1.1
Background
of the Problem................................................. 1
1.2
Statement
of the Problem................................................... 4
1.3
Research
Questions........................................................... 5
1.4
Scope
of the study............................................................. 6
CHAPTER
TWO
Literature
Review
2.1... Introduction ..................................................................... 7
2.2... Conceptual Framework....................................................... 7
2.3... The Causes of Street Hawking............................................. 8
2.4... The Social and Economic Implications
of Hawking................. 9
CHAPTER
THREE
Research
Methodology
3.1... Introduction...................................................................... 14
3.2... Area of Study.................................................................... 14
3.3... Population of the Study...................................................... 14
3.4... Research Design............................................................... 14
3.5... Sample and Sampling Techniques....................................... 14
3.6... Research Instrument......................................................... 15
3.7... Reliability of the instrument................................................. 15
3.8... Method of Data Analysis..................................................... 15
CHAPTER
FOUR
Data
presentation and analysis
4.1... Introduction...................................................................... 16
4.2... Presentation and analysis of the data
collected...................... 16
4.3... Data Analysis.................................................................... 34
CHAPTER
FIVE
Summary,
Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1... Introduction...................................................................... 39
5.2... Summary.......................................................................... 40
5.3... Conclusion........................................................................ 41
5.4... Recommendations............................................................. 45
References............................................................................... 47
Appendix.................................................................................. 49
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