THE ROLE OF NGO ON CHILDREN WITH DISABILITY
30 MINUTES RADIO INTERVIEW ON THE ROLE OF NON
GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION (NGO) ON CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS
[CASE STUDY OF ALL CHILDREN CHARITY INTERNATIONAL
FOUNDATION, BARNAWA, KADUNA]
ABSTRACT
In
Nigeria just like any other countries in the world, the concerns of people with
disabilities is often secondary, therefore they are often marginalize. This
term paper however discusses the role of non governmental organization on
children with special needs with a case study of All Children Charity
International foundation (ACCIF), Barnawa, Kaduna. The foundation is a
non-governmental organization and civil organization founded by Bar. (Mrs.)
Bosede Oluranti Daudu with the aim of meeting the needs of specially challenged
persons. A 30minutes programme is presented, including musical interludes and
interview with Bar. (Mrs.) Ranti Daudu; conclusions is drawn and recommendation
to create more awareness to the public on the role of non-governmental organization
which will bring about change in attitudes of the public towards persons with
special needs.
TABLE
OF CONTENT
Title page - - - - - - - - - - i
Approval page - - - - - - - - - ii
Declaration - - - - - - - - - - iii
Dedication - - - - - - - - - - iv
Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - - v
Abstract - - - - - - - - - - vi
Table of Content - - - - - - - - - vii
Introduction - - - - - - - - - - 1
Definition of NGO - - - - - - - - - 1
History of
non-governmental organization (NGO) - - - 3
Non-Governmental
Organization (NGO) in Nigeria - - - - 4
What is Disability - - - - - - - - - 5
Who is a Disabled
Person - - - - - - - - 7
Statement of the
Purpose - - - - - - - - 9
Reason for
choosing Radio as a medium of communication - - - 9
Target Audience - - - - - - - - - 10
Review of Related
Topic - - - - - - - - 10
Review of Related
Programme - - - - - - - 12
Script [Station
slug] - - - - - - - - - 15
Conclusion - - - - - - - - - - 18
Recommendations - - - - - - - - - 19
References - - - - - - - - - 21
Appendix - - - - - - - - - - 23
Introduction
In
Nigeria, just like any other countries in the world, the concern of people with
disabilities is often secondary, therefore they are often marginalized. According
to UNESCO Research (1993) more than 90% of children with disabilities in Nigeria
do not attend schools.
In
1993, the Nigeria government enacted the first and only piece of legislation on
people with disability. The only “Nigerian with Disability Decree” was enacted
to provide clear and comprehensive legal protection and security for Nigerians
with disability, as well as establishment of privileges, guaranteed unclear
this decree and other laws application to the disabled in the Federal Republic
of Nigeria.
Despite
the passing of the Decree, the situation of those with disabilities in Nigeria
remains desperate, none of the programs set out in the decree have been
implemented to any substantial degree. The live chances of disabled children
are further impaired by a pervasive negative attitude towards those with
disabilities parent of disabled children are often ashamed of exposing their
children to the wider community. In addition to this, parents often see their
child’s disability as means to earn money through begging and are therefore reluctant
to relinquish this source of income (UNESCO Research, 1993).
Definition of NGO
A
non Governmental Organization (NGO) is any non-profit, voluntary citizens group
which is organized on a local, national or international level. It is a task
oriented and driven by people with a common interest. NGOS perform a variety of
services and humanitarian functions, bring citizen concerns to government,
advocation and monitor policies and encourage political participation through provision
of information. It is a legally constructed organization created by natural or
legal persons that operates independently from any form of government. (www.wikipedia.org).
Non
governmental organization includes many group and institutions that are entirely
or largely independent of governments and that have primarily humanitarian or
cooperative rather than commercial objectives. They are private agencies in
industrial countries that support International development, indigenous groups
organized regionally or nationally and member groups in villages. NGOs include
charitable and religious associations that mobilize private funds for
development, distribute food and family planning services and promote community
organization. They also include independent cooperation, community association,
water-user societies, women groups and pastoral association. Citizen groups
that raise awareness and influence policy are also NGOs (World Bank
Organization, 2009).
Therefore,
a non governmental organization refers to an organization that is not based on
government and not created to make profit. It is a non-profit making voluntary
service oriented/developmental organization either for the benefit of members
(a grass root organization) or for other members of the population.
History of Non-Governmental
Organization (NGO)
The
term NGO came into popular usage at the end of the Second World War The United
Nation sought to differentiate between inter-governmental specialized agencies
and private organizations.
The
first International NGO was the “Anti-slavery Society” (1839), other early NGO
that grew out of wars including the “Red Cross” in the 1850s, “Save the Children”
after World War I and “Oxfam and Care” after World War II. Some well-known NGOs
include “Medicines Sans Frontiers” (Medicine without border), “Amnesty
International” and “World vision”. The “Bill and Melinda Foundation” is now the
world biggest NGO, with an endowment of £28.8 billion. Bryant, (1993).
Today,
some NGOs prefer the term “Private voluntary Organization” (PDO), Civil Society
Organization (CDO), Community Based Organization (CBO) or Environment and
Development Organization (EDO). According to P.J. Simmons (1995) the ultimate
goals of non-governmental organizations are to “improve understanding,
influence agendas, influence policies, implement policies, and to solve
government inadequate actions. And they do so through advocacy, information
gathering and analysis information dissemination, generation of ideas and
recommendations monitoring and watch dog role, service delivery, mediation and
facilitation and financing and grant making. NGOs operate at the community
level and also at the National regional, sub-national and international levels,
Simmon, (1995).
Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) in
Nigeria
Non
Governmental Organization (NGO) has been active in Nigeria since in the 1930s
but was mostly limited to social clubs and organizations established by the
various missionary institutions operating in the country. Although, they were
not officially classified as NGO, the Nationalist Movements were the precursors
of temporary Civil Society Organization (CSOs) in Nigeria.
The
idea of a formalized collaboration between the Federal Government of Nigeria
and NGOs was first muted at a meeting organized by the Federal Ministry of
Health (FMOH) for NGOs active in the health sector in 1987. Between 1990 and
1991 the FMOH held consultative meetings to mobilize NGOs to support the
federal Government in the expanded program on immunization (EPI), Drug abuse
and subsequently in HIV/AIDS campaign, thus widening the spectrum of civil
society Organization (CSO) collaborating with the Federal Government Bryant, (1993).
In
1992, with the collaboration of the
Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH), United State Agency for International
Development (USAID), Society for family Health (SFH) and World Health
Organization. The British high commissison, Ford Foundation, United Nation
International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF), World Bank, United State
Information Services, British Council, Department for International
Development(DFID), United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO), United Nation International Group (UNIG). The Friedrich
Ebert Foundation and Goethe Institute, the Nigeria Network of NGOs (NNNGO) was
established by 60 NGOs. It is the fastest growing coordinating body for recognized
NGOs/CBOs/PVOs involve in development activities in Nigeria. Bryant, (1993).
What is Disability
A disability
may be physical, cognitive, mental, sensory, emotional, development or some
combination of these; it may be present from birth or occur during a person’s
life. Disabilities are an umbrella term, covering impairments, activity
limitation, and participation restrictions. World Health Organization (2012).
Disability
is defined as the limitation in the ability to provide an occupation because of
physical or mental impairment; it is also the lack of legal qualification to do
something. Mojisola, (1997).
Disability
can be said as the physical or mental condition that limits a person’s movements,
senses and ability to do things by him/herself, it can be grouped into three:
(i)
Temporary
(ii)
Permanent
(iii)
Intermittent
Temporary
disability: it is a type of curable impairment of mental
or physical faculties that may impede the affected person from functioning
normally only so far as he or she is under treatment.
Permanent
disability: it is the type of impairment of mental or
physical faculties that may last for an indeterminable period, thus
indefinitely preventing the affected person from functioning normally.
Intermittent
disability: it is the type of impairment of mental or
physical faculties that occur at irregular intervals and prevent the affected
person from functioning normally.
Disability
is caused by impairment to various sub-systems of the body, these includes:
Physical Disability
It
is an impairment that limits the physical function of the limbs of gross motor
ability
(i)
Sensory system: it
is an impairment of the senses; it is usually referred to as the vision and
hearing impairment.
(ii)
Visual impairment: it
is the vision loss of a person to such a degree as to qualify as an additional
support needed through a significant limitation of visual capacity. It result
from either disease, congenital or degeneration conditions that cannot be
connected by conventional means.
(iii)
Hearing impairment: it
refers to conditions in which individuals are fully or partially unable to
detect or perceive at least some frequencies of sound which can typically be heard
by most people.
(iv) Somatosensory
disorder: it is the insensitivity to stimuli such as
touch, heat; cold and pain are often an adjunct to a more general physical
impairment involving neural path ways.
(v)
Balance disorder: it
is the disturbance that causes an individual to feel unsteady; it may be
accompanied by symptoms of being giddy, woozy, or have a sensation of movement,
spinning or floating.
Intellectual Disability
It
is a broad concept that ranges from mental retardation to cognitive deficits to
mild or too specific to qualify as mental retardation.
(i)
Mental disorder: A
mental disorder is a psychological or behavior pattern generally associated
with subjective distress or disability that occurs in an individual and
perceived by the majority of society as being outside of normal development or
cultural expectations.
(ii)
Developmental disability: It is any disability
that results in problems with growth and development.
(iii)
Invisible disability: It includes several chronic disorders, such as
diabetes, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease or epilepsy would be counted as
non-visible disabilities, as opposed to disabilities which are clearly visible,
such as those requiring the use of a wheelchair, Mojisola, (1997).
Who is a Disabled Person
An
individual may be qualify as disabled if he/she had an impairment in the past
or is seen as disabled based on a personal or group standard, or such
impairment includes physical, sensory and cognitive or developmental
disabilities. Some advocates object to describing certain conditions as
disabilities arguing that it is more appropriate to consider them “developmental
differences that have been unfairly stigmatized by society” www.wikipedia.org, (2012).
Hence,
disabled person can be classified as any person who is unable to obtain for
him/her self, fully or partially, the normal requirements of an individual
and/or is unable to participate fully in the community due to short comings
either physically or mentally and whether it occurred since birth or later in
life.
The
3rd of December is declared as the National day for the disabled
person. Rehabilitation services are provided to help the disabled be
independent and subsequently enabling them to reach the maximum potential in
all aspects of their lives suitable with their abilities www.wikipedia.org, (2012).
If
a person sees his handicap as an absolute reality, it means he cannot do
anything to it and must learn to live by it and groan under its heavy load but
if he is educated against the physical limitations and forges his ways ahead of
life, even if the physical problem is not reversed towards healing, he does not
have to despair over it. He masters the situation and overcome self pity and apathy
Mojisola, (1997).
Evidence
abound in the past and in this our present age about people of noble deeds who
had lived or who are still living above human limitations by making the best of
what problems they inevitably have to face in life. Ludwig Van Bethoven (1770 –
1882) could not hear but equally composed notes of high order. A one-time
president of the United States of America (USA) Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882
– 1945) was confined to his wheelchair for years, yet he ran three terms
consecutively in office Mojisola, (1997).
Statement of the Purpose
The
concerns of people with disabilities are often secondary and therefore they are
often marginalized in the society. The “Nigerian with Disability decree” was
enacted to provide comprehensive legal protection and security but despite decree
the situation of the disabilities in Nigeria remains desperate and none of the
programmes were implemented, and this bring about the creation of privately owned non governmental
organization that perform humanitarian services to bring disabled people close
to the government.
Reason for choosing Radio as a medium
of communication
Scholars
of the twentieth century have observed how radio programmes had succeeded in
creating awareness, permeating everyday life in the modern world, changing
social habits and creating new ones, upsetting social practices and providing
an individual an ear and eye to the world outside.
Radio
is a veritable tool of mass communication, it has developed a high reputation
of having a favourable influence on its audience because it plays important
role in the individual and societal lives, since it is faster and grassroot
oriented.
Radio
persuades and effectively influences large audience, thereby contributing
substamally to the building of a national consensus; it is a powerful
instrument in the area of public enlightenment and social development issues Onabanjo,
(1999).
Radio
as a medium is a mouth piece of an announcer or a presenter, it can be use
effectively to package programme content that emphasize development and how
people can change attitudes for improved living standard. The programmes
reflects the desire and value of the society and are designed to attracts
listeners attention and hold throughout the duration of the programme Okuna, (1999).
Target Audience
The
target audience for the programme is the society as a whole. The role of non
government organization on children with disability will be discussed in the
programme and an interview will be conducted with the founder of All Children
Charity International Foundation, Barnawa, Kaduna.
The
programme will create awareness to the public on the role of non-government organization;
it will bring about change in attitudes towards persons with disability in the
society.
Review of Related Topic
According
to Pachaka (2003) the United Nations General Assembly adopted the World
Programme of Action Concerning Disabled Persons at its 37th regular
session in 1982. The purpose of that programme was to promote measures for prevention of disabilities,
rehabilitation and realization of goals, “full participation” of
disabled persons in social life, development and “equality”. The programme
further emphasized that these concepts should apply with the same scope and
urgency to all countries regardless of their level of development. It was
during this era that public concern and consciousness were directed towards
providing people with the same opportunities available to ordinary citizens.
Subsequently, the United Nations Decade of the Disabled Persons (1983-1992)
came into force thereafter. However, the situation of people with disabilities
has not greatly improved since then and their numbers are actually increasing.
There
are more than 600 million people with disabilities world wide and 180 million
are children, 400 million live in developing countries and 80 million in
Africa. Pachaka (2003). The World Health Organization (2002) reported that
about 40 percent of Africa’s population consists of people with disabilities
including 10-15% of school age children, this percentage translate to about 300
million people with disabilities in Africa (source)
Burton
(1996), notes that people with
disabilities have been treated like outcasts for ever 100 years and what ever
attention is drawn to them, it is only with sympathy and pity. Disability has
been presented as a culturally embedded socially accepted form of oppression against
people with disabilities. To date some community members still encounter
difficulties in accepting people with disabilities.
Disability
rates in Lesotho were considerably higher in rural than in urban areas, an
examination causes of disability revealed that for males working in the mines
was a major risk factor of amputations, blindness and deafness. Together with
causes by disability labeled as “unknown” more than one in two of all male
disabilities and about 85% of all female disabilities were due to causes other
than accidents and violence BOS, (2001).
Non
governmental Organization run community based rehabilitation programmes in the
country i.e “Save the children” a disability programme aimed at developing
community based support for disabled children and their families, they promote
the inclusive of education and also established special schools that cater for
those with special needs.
The
non-governmental organization provides counseling to people with various forms
of disabilities to help them adjust to their disability. In this context,
counseling usually involves a wide range of problems such as personal,
inter-personal, family, financial, vocational adjustment and educational
adjustment.
Lesotho
does not have specific legislation dealing with disability issues, its
fragmented legislation does not help people with disabilities cause, therefore
government should consider providing disability grants to all the people with
disabilities in partnership with the non governmental organization Christopher,
(2012).
Review of Related Programme
Most
programmes organized on radio are always
voluntarily, an individual who owns an organization uses radio as a medium to
promote the functions of his/her organization and to encourage people about
their attitudes toward person with disability in the society e.g a programme on
Kaduna State Media Corporation title “Ability in Disability” produced by Mr.
Micah Shabi.
“Ability
in Disability” is a 30minutes magazine programme aimed at bringing out ability
found in people that are physically challenged. This programme was presented by
Jemila Iliya Bushman. It enlighten the public on who is a disabled person, the
right word to use when referring to some disabled (physically challenged,
persons with disability or disabled person). It is packed with musical time
out, vox pop and interview to get the views of the society about disabled
people.
Within
the programme an interview was conducted with Amina Audu a physically
challenged person based in Kaduna where she talked about her experiences being
physically challenged.
“My name is Amina Audu, am
a physically challenged person, my challenges are I cannot use my hands, legs
and turn my neck, I cannot do anything on my own without the help of somebody
but thank God I am able to use my mouth to talk and people will understand what
I need, I am not disabled, I only have challenges; there is no disabled person
in this life, you can only have challenges and everybody have challenges being
physically or not in one way or the other. Anyone that call me a disable person
I will take such person to court. There are things in live that you can be
perfect of and someone will have to help”…
Amina
lamented on how people in the society call people like them disable person, she
speak good English, she learned through watching television, listening to radio
and read story at home; she also type text on her phone while laying down on
her bed.
She
attended Rehabilitation Centre, Kakuri in Kaduna where she did Radio Therapy
and Physiotherapy. She gave her definition of disabled as;
“A disabled person is
someone who can not do anything/useless and I believe nobody is useless, a
disable person is someone who is dead and gone”…
The
programe therefore enlighten the public on the right word to use when
addressing a physically challenged person because the Human Right Declaration
in 1948 provision (Article 1) applied fully to all members of the society that
persons with disability are clearly entitled to full range of right.
Disability
Radio Worldwide with Jean Parker is also a dynamic 30 minutes weekly program
broadcast by FM stations, and other short wave radio. The producer and host
Jean Parker is a well-known disability right activist with years of experience.
The
list of the programme guests reads like a “who’s who” of the disability
community leadership around the globe. The programe tends to advance the human
rights of people with disabilities around the world (www.disabilityradioworldwide.com)
STATION SLUG
Station: Spider Fm
[90.1]
Programme Title: Our
Society Today
Topic: The Role
of Non Governmental Organization on Children With Special Needs
Duration: 30minutes
Programme Type: Radio
Interview
Presenter: Olubukayo Bukola
Oyeniyi
Producer: Mr.
Sunday Agbo
Date:
Instruction
|
Audio
|
Cue-in
signature tune “instrumentals” for 30sec and fade–out gradually, play on
background then cue-in presenter
Boost
signature under voice for 5sec then cue-in presenter
Cue-in
soundtrack of Michael Jackson “Heal
the World” for 4minutes and fade –off gradually
Cue-in
presenter
Cue-in
Interview
Cue-in
presenter
Cue-in
soundtrack of Lucky Dube “Put a little love” for 4mins and fade-off gradually
Cue-in
presenter
Cue-in
interview
Cue-in
presenter
|
Instrumentals
Its
Spider FM [90.1], Kaduna Polytechnic, here in Kaduna and the programme is “Our Society Today’ with Olubukayo
Oyeniyi
The
topic for discussion is “The role of non governmental organization on children
with special needs. It promises to be
enlightening and educating as there will be musical time out, interview and
lot more…
Stay tuned will be right back
To
start on the programme there is need to shed more light on the topic for
discussion,
In
Nigeria just like any other countries in the world; the concerns of children
with special need is often secondary.
Citizens
or group of individual voluntarily establish foundation (NGO) to perform
varieties of humanitarian services and to also bring citizens concern to the
government.
All
Children Charity International Foundation (ACCIF) situated at Barnawa GRA,
Kaduna is one of the NGO established in Kaduna to meet the needs of the
specially challenged persons, encourage them to be self reliant and also
fight for their rights as a citizen of the country giving them the same
opportunities available to normal citizens.
Before
I continue on the programme, let take a music from Michael Jackson titled
“Heal of the World” enjoy.
Soundtrack
of Michael Jackson “Heal the world”
Welcome
back, if you just turning in its Spider FM [90.1] and the programme is “OUR SOCIETY TODAY” next is the
interview with Bar. (Mrs.) Bosede Oluranti Daudu a mother, philanthropist,
founder and team leader of ACCIF, Barnawa, Kaduna
Interview…
Let
take a musical break, it a music of Lucky Dube title: “Put a Little Love”, I be right back.
Soundtrack
of Lucky Dube “Put a little love”
Welcome
back, I have been discussing with Bar. Mrs. Ranti Daudu on the Role of NGO on
Children with Special needs, stay turned as we continue with the interview.
Interview…
On
this note we come to the end of the programme; thanks to the studio engineer
and my producer Mr. Sunday Agbo, am Bukayo Oyeniyi; let show love to people
with special needs though they have challenges but they have ability, talents
and unique gifts in them, enjoy this music from Bob Marley titled One Love.
Bye-bye.
|
CONCLUSION
A non governmental organization is non
political that set it self to provide services for the society on a particular
aim and mission which it sees to carry out, it could decide to solve an issue
and will not mind whether government looks into it or not based on the passion
and mission the organization set up.
All Children Charity International Foundation
(ACCIF) is an organization seeking to meet the need, fight and protect the
rights of persons with disability especially children. It is an organization
set up to elevating the suffering of children that are having challenges in
their lives.
Donations to non governmental organization
according to Bar. Mrs Oluranti Daudu is described as a trust confide on such
organization by an individual, the government, international donors and the
society to run.
Finally, physically challenge persons can be
seen and relate with as a normal person and not be seen as useless persons in
the society because they did not create themselves that way, it is either
through accident or other circumstances that brings about this challenge.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1.
Non governmental organization should carry
out their humanitarian services honestly; it should not be use as avenue to
make self profit.
2.
They should organize enlightenment and
educating programme on radio or television on the rights of physically
challenged persons.
3.
Government should take the priority of
physically challenged person more important.
4.
They should enact law in the constitution to
back up the legal right of persons with disability in the society.
5.
The society should show love to persons with
disability and not stigmatized them because of their physical challenges.
6.
Government should give more support interms
of finance to the non governmental organizations.
7.
Non governmental organization should
establish recreation centers, amusement park and more vocational school for the
physically challenge persons.
8.
Stakeholders have a role to play in such
that whatever facilities or donations government donate for the organization
should be use for what is meant for.
9.
The media should create awareness programme
like workshops, seminars, talk show where the society can relate with
physically challenge persons.
10.
Government should in fact give the
physically challenge persons free education, health and other necessary
facilities.
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Aschraft, Carolyn (1966). An Enquiry into
the Attitude of College Students towards the Blind International for the
education of the blind.
Bob Marley song track “One Love” from the
album “Exodus”, 19 7
Bryant, C. G. A. (1993). “Social Self Organization
Civility and Sociology. A Comment on Kumar’s Civil Society, British Journal of
Sociology. Vol. 44, 3: 267 – 280.
Burenu of Statistics (2001). Lesotho
Demographic Survey (Vol. 1) Analytical Report Maseru: Government Printers.
Burton, L. (1996). “Disability and society:
Emerging Issues and Insights”. London: Longman.
C. D. H. R. (1997). Nigeria Non-Governmental
Organizations. Friedrich Ebert Foundation, Lagos.
Funk & Wagnalls Inc. New York: New
Encyclopedia. Volume 25.
Gould, J. and Kolb, W. L. (Eds) (1964). A
Dictionary of social Sciences, New York; The Free Press.
Harris, A. and Enfields (2003). Disability
Equality and Human rights: A training manual for development and Humanitarian
rights.
Jones R.C. (1971) “Problems and issues of
the education of exceptional children”. Mc Graw Hill, New York.
Lucky Dube song track “Put a little love” from
the album “Soul Taker”, 2011
Michael Jackson song track “Heal the world”
from the album “Dangerous”, 1991
Mojisola Oyebola (1996). “The Hope of the privilege
in Nigeria”. Daily Sketch.
Mojisola O. (1997). “Rehabilitating the
Disabled in Nigeria, Laytal Communications: Ibadan, Nigeria”
Mr. Micah Shabi producer of Radio programme “Ability
in Disability” on Kaduna State Media Corporation.
Nigeria Network of Non-governmental
Organization (2011), www.nnngo.org; Retrieved on 21 January, 2013, www.wikipedia.org
Okuna, G. S.
(1999). “Introduction to Mass Communication”, 2nd Ed. New
Generation Books, Enugu, Nigeria.
Onabanjo, O. (1999). “Essentials of
Broadcast Writing & Production”, Lagos Gabi Concept.
Pachaka, L.M (2003). “Legislation concerning
children with disabilities”. Maseru, Lesotho Law Reform
Psquare instrumental song track “Do me” from
the album “Game over”, 2007.
www.who.int/topics/disabilities/en/retrievedon6th
February, 2013
.
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