TALKSHOW ON CAMPUS LIFE
30 MINUTES TALKSHOW ON CAMPUS LIFE OF THE STUDENTS OF KADUNA POLYTECHNIC, KADUNA
[A CASE STUDY OF KADUNA POLYTECHNIC, KADUNA]
INTRODUCTION
Radio and television broadcasting are never possible without programs (Doki et al., 2009) program constitute an integral part of radio and television broadcast of radio and television broadcast. According to Oyo (1987) “Broadcast program are messages meant for its audience. That is any symbolic that radio and television create and transmit to the public towards the fulfillment of their functions are that of information, education, entertainment and enlightenment”.
The need for the above function in every society can never be over emphasized. If a society must grow, then programs have a big role to play. There is a need for an active radio station in the polytechnic that will promote programs that will affect how the students’ society evolves on 92.1 Campus FM Kaduna. Campus life is a magazine program dedicated and targeted to the informative, educative and entertaining of the students of Kaduna polytechnic. It is a live program that comes on air between the hours of 6:30am and 7:00 am Mondays through Fridays, the program intends to be made up of just three segments. The Anchor presents tits bit on lecture hall ethics, tits bits on campus survival and finally campus gossip desk.
The program will attract a considerable number of listeners (students) through direct contact with the school community, since the presenter and other production crews are a part of the same community, it will have a direct impact on them (the students). The program will have a high patronage especially among the students of such areas where campus life will be a hot program (using the latest slang among students) in the hostel and the campus environment. Hence; this study is aimed at impacting positively on the residents of the Kaduna polytechnic hostels of the four campuses.
BRIEF HISTORY OF KADUNA POLYTECHNIC
Kaduna Polytechnic has grown from a humble beginning in 1956 when it started as “Kaduna Technical Institute” to what is today the largest Polytechnic in Africa South of the Sahara in terms of staff, student population and physical infrastructure. It is the second oldest technological institution in Nigeria, the oldest being Yaba College of Technology which was established in 1948. Kaduna Polytechnic is also the second largest tertiary institution in Nigeria after Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
The conception of a Technical Institution in Northern Nigeria was muted as far back as 1951. Five years later, this idea resulted in the establishment of Kaduna Technical Institute in 1956. This was as a result of the acceptance by the British Government of the recommendation of the Higher Education Commission.
That suggested the upgrading of Yaba College of Technology to an institute and proposed the establishment of technical institutes in Kaduna and Enugu. In 1956, the Kaduna Technical Institute took off with the following mandate:
(a) To operate in fields other than those of the Nigerian College of Arts, Science
and Technology.
(b) To train engineering assistants (technicians).
(c) To provide "feeders" for the Nigerian College of Arts, Science and Technology as much as possible but not exclusively.
(d) To provide courses leading to a standard of the Ordinary National Diploma Certificate in the United Kingdom.
The Commercial Department of the Kaduna Technical Institute opened in 1956 with the objective of teaching commercial subjects to meet the shortage of trained clerical staff.
The Northern Nigeria Executive Council at its meeting of 17th August, 1962, redesignated the Kaduna technical Institute as 'the Polytechnic Kaduna'. It became 'Kaduna Polytechnic' in 1968 under the Federal Government Decree No. 20 of 1968 which was amended in 1979 by Decree No.73. On 27th August, 1991, the Federal Government took over the institution under Decree No. 40 of the same year.
A new college, the College of Engineering was in 1990 created out of the College of Science and Technology to form the four units of the collegiate structure of the Kaduna Polytechnic.
The polytechnic is highly cosmopolitan with students admitted from all over Nigeria and other countries. It has been in the forefront in the training of high and middle level manpower for the various sectors of the economy.
From a modest figure of 158 students in 1961 at the Technical Institute, student enrolment increased to 894 by 1968 and a total of 594 students attending courses on part-time, while 300 were on full-time programmes. Currently, the polytechnic has over 20,000 students undertaking 173 programmes spread over the 30 academic departments of the four colleges. The courses vary in duration and character, ranging from Certificate, Diploma, National Diploma, Higher Diploma, Higher National Diploma, Post-graduate Diploma to Post Higher National Diploma, as well as NCE (Technology) and B.Ed. (Technology) which is run in affiliation with the Federal University of Technology, Minna.
The uniqueness of the curricula covered under the various programmes is the emphasis on practicals to ensure that graduates acquire the right skills required by government, industry and commerce or self-employment.
Kaduna Polytechnic has mounted a number of Post-graduate programmes and Post-HND programmes in Urban and Regional Planning, Land Surveying and Building. In 1995, the polytechnic started the first ever National Board of Technical Education (NBTE) approved Post-HND programme in Electronics and Communication Engineering.
RADIO BROADCASTING
Radio broadcast is one means of wireless transmission over radio waves to reach a wider audience. Different radio network can be linked in radio networks to broadcast a common radio format (the overall content of a radio station for example, a station dedicated to sports like Brilla Fm, Sky sports, and Super sports and also dedicated to news like BBC radio. Wikipedia (2012) defines radio as “transmission of signals through free space by electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from about 3Kilohertz to 300 Gigahertz”.
But radio as we know today did not begin the way it is today rather, it began as radio telegraphy and did not carry audio. The first claimed audio transmission on that could be regarded as the first radio broadcast which happened on Christmas eve in the year 1906 by Reginald Fesseden (regarded as the father of radio broadcasting) but is still disputed if this broadcast actually took place. For instance, Charles Herrold started broadcasting in California in 1909 and by 1910 his broadcast carried audio and he is known for establishing the world ‘s second radio station, the first being the one established by Reginald Fessenden. Frank conard in 1916 also began broadcasting from his garage in Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania. This station of his was later re launched as KDKA on November 2nd 1920 which is claimed to be the first commercially licensed radio station in the world. Broadcasting by radio takes several forms. These include: Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Frequency Modulation (FM) bands Using AM technology that can be received over thousands of miles (especially at night) example of which is BBC, Deutsche Welle, VOA etc. these stations broadcast via short wave to Africa and other parts of the world. But this form of broadcasting is sensitive to atmospheric condition and solar activity which is why the best signal is gotten at night time.
It should be noted that the earliest form of broadcast stations were amplitude modulation (AM) which is a form of the carrier signal in response of the amplitude of the signal to be transmitted.
One of the advantages of am is that the signal can be detected (turn into sound) with simple equipment. However, the signal is subject to interface. At night times, this interface largely disappears and permit signal to travel much more distance locations via ionosphere (the outmost region of the earth atmosphere). However, fading of the signal can be severe at night.
Frequency modulation (FM) occurs on VHF (very high frequency) air waves in the frequency range of 88 to 108 Mega Hertz everywhere in the world except Japan and Russia. Japan uses 76-90MHZ while Russia has two types of frequencies: 65-74 MHZ and 87.5-108MHZ.
Fm radio was invented by Edwin H. Amstrong an American in the 1930’s for the purpose of overcoming the interference problem faced by AM radio which was earlier invented by Lee De forest the man that first used the word “radio”.
At the time radio was set up, the available frequencies were for higher in speculations than those used for AM radio. Its disadvantage however is that it was much shorter than AM radio in waves, thus, its audience were more local than those of AM radio. But its reception range at night is the same as in the day time.
Recently, a variety of wireless systems including the mobile phone are playing more important role in our daily lives, and opportunity to use radio is rapidly increasing.
This has to a large extend broadens the chances of acquiring information at the relatively low rate and lessen the stress attached to it. The coming radio has also brought a way out for people seeking entertainment but do not have the means to achieve it by going to night Clubs and other places of entertainment. This is because radio plays music and air programmes that are meant for the listening delight and relaxation of its audience. But the use of radio as a device comes along with negative effects. For instance the use of radio device in close proximity has the ability to cause the human body to malfunction due to the radio emission from the use of radio equipment. When such a malfunction occurs, there is effect on human health.
CHALLENGES OF RADIO STATIONS IN NIGERIA
Every sphere of the Nigerian society has experienced at least one challenge in the last couple of desideration. One of such areas that have experience growth is the nation’s information sector which has continued to flourish as a huge number of broadcast stations especially that of radio abound across the whole federation.
From just a few radio stations in the 1960’s the number now has exploded into hundreds of stations operating under public and private ownership basis. The growth experienced in radio broadcasting however has gone along with unique challenges both for the media owners and practitioners.
The main challenges faced by radio stations in Nigeria is that of living up to emerging globalization which is the case of transmission from analog to digital broadcasting. This, even with the obvious advantage has posed great challenges as it is capital intensive as regards equipment procurement and the training and re-training of those who will operate these machines.
Another challenge is that which borders on the liberalization of the sector which began with the establishment of the National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) in 1992 by the General Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida’s regime which gave impetus to individuals to operate radio stations. Many remote areas are left secluded from the larger Nigerian society in terms of news in their own dialects, which is never the case with a good number of African countries where virtually every single community has its own radio station that broadcast in the dialects of the people and discusses issues that directly affect them. The issue of power is a big challenge also which has forced many stations to fold up as they cannot continue to power their equipment with fuel or diesel which are very expensive. For those who manage to stay in business, they may be forced to divert into praise singers of the Government in other to generate revenue when adverts are not forthcoming.
Poor remuneration on the part especially private radio station to their staffers has grossly resulted to inefficiency of staff of the radio stations. Also the issue of unqualified hands finding their way into vital position in radio stations to the detriment of genuine growth is a very big challenge. This has negatively affected the content of radio massage.
To manage the resultant effect, Robert G Picard (2009) said “Repositioning radio again will not be a simple task”, but it is one of the industry needs to begin undertaking now. If radio managers do not start thinking ahead about the negative trends appearing in their industry, they will soon experience the alarm and fear that is pervasive in the paper industry”.
CHARACTERISTIC OF RADIO STATIONS
A vast majority of radio stations whether AM or FM is built around music, sports and news. Listeners in most communities can choose from many different types of radio stations aimed at specific market segment. Radio stations are preferred ahead of others, depending on the type of programme appealing to a particular audience.
Some stations are targeted at different ethnic groups, often broadcasting in a language other than English. This will serve as a good avenue for any announcement that will be of great impact to the ethnic group. In the same vein, conventional radio stations are Good Avenue for announcement of election results or change of government. This is because listeners are already prone to listening to words and messages and not music like in stations dedicated to music.
However, other radio stations embraced multiple genres on set scheduled. For example, Supreme Fm Kaduna which combines news, sport, music e.t.c in its programme contents. This is quite different with Sky sport news radio in the United Kingdom which only focuses on sports and sports alone. Radio stations often define their audience by the kind of programme format it adopts. But one definite characteristic found in all radio stations all over the world is that each wants more listenership and for a longer period of time regardless of the format and the type of broadcasting technology they employ. This effort to gain listenership is dedicated often by the size of their transmission area or type of technology available for transmission.
Most radio stations survive only by the help of revenue generated in advertising, promotional or sponsorship and very few are gotten through subscription as seen in radio stations on satellite otherwise known as scramble channels. Government owned radio stations do not rely on adverts for their survival as government makes provision for its running in its annual budget.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF RADIO IN NIGERIA
“From 1932 when Radio broadcasting service started in Nigeria as Empire service of the British Broadcasting Cooperation (BBC) to 1992 when broadcasting in Nigeria was deregulated, the broadcast media were owned either by the National, Regional or state Government” NBC (2012).
In the early days, overseas services of the British Broadcasting Cooperation though a wired system with loudspeakers at the end and an ON/OFF switch, this service was called Radio Diffusion System (RDS) which later metamorphosied into the Nigerian Broadcasting Service (NBS) in April, 1956. The NBS had T.W. Chalmas Briton and Controller of the BBC light entertainment programme as its Director General.
Six years later in April, 1957 through an act of parliament No. 39 of 1956 Nigerian Broadcasting Cooperation replaced the NBC to hand over all its station operating under Medium Wave (MW) frequencies to state government where those stations were situated. On the other hand, the Federal Government took over those operating on Short Waves (SW) transmitters.
It should be noted that all the radio stations that operated right from the introduction of radio service in Nigeria to the year 1994 were all owned and controlled by either the Federal or State (Regional) Government. The situation however took a new dimension with the establishment of the National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) in 1992. This body was saddled with the responsibility of issuing license to individuals and organizations that have the willingness and have met legal requirements to establishing a broadcast station.
With this development, it paved the way for proliferation of private radio stations in the country. The first private radio station to come on air was Ray Power FM 106.5 in the year 1994. Since then, a good number of private stations were set up and more on the pipeline.
HOW FM STATION WORK
Signals for FM radio are broadcast on frequencies ranging from 87.5 to 108.0 Mega Hertz. Its reception is best gotten when the transmitting tower is closer to the receiver (where the listener is situated). This is so because FM signal travels in a relatively straight line and cannot travel as far as AM stations can. Doki et el (2009) said “it is ideal for radio stations that want to confine their broadcast to local area because it does not interfere with other transmitters elsewhere”.
Fm technology was pioneered by Edwin Howard Armstrong. The main reason behind this technology was to provide high fidelity sound in broadcasting which AM radio could not give. Even though Fm (frequency Modulation ) began as early as the 1930’s in Europe and United states (US), other parts of the world especially Africa adopted this form of broadcasting between the 1980’s -1990’s. This is because it takes a large number of FM transmitting stations to cover a geographically large country, particularly where there are terrain difficulties, though with the development of the internet, FM stations can be streamed on the internet, thereby eliminating the problem of difficult terrain.
Fm is more suited to local broadcasting than for national networks, even with the advantage of the internet, it is still a problem because the internet still needs data on our portable devices, and in such countries particularly where there are economic or infrastructural problems, rolling out a national Fm broadcast network to reach the majority of the population can be a slow and expensive process. Fm is commonly used at VHF (very high frequency) radio frequencies for high fidelity broadcast of music and speech.
THE DIFFERENT TYPE OF RADIO PROGRAMME
According to OYO (1987) broadcast programme is any messages meant for audience. Programmes can be classified based on its target audience like story telling, shows for children which target the young ones or Hip – Hop music shows targeted at the youths. Another classification of programme can be based on its function. For instance, news at 7:00am on the Network Service of Radio Nigeria is to inform, while consumer half hour still on the FRCN is geared towards enlightening the listener on His/her rights as a consumer.
But widely known classification of programmes is that which based on format the design and method of presentation. Hence, six of these programmes will be discussed base on their formats.
DRAMA PROGRAMME
This is a programme of action performed by actors designed to entertain or amuse listeners to relief them from boredom. It is usually fictional in nature and has a basis for everyday life and experience.
According to Smethus (1998) there are three (3) types of drama;
1. Single feature Drama: The series has different theme for each edition, characters use are the same but focus on that theme.
2. Series drama: The series drama has different theme for each edition, characters used are the same but focus of each edition can be change. Example of such type of drama is “Country People” on KSMC 90.9FM stereo.
3. Serial drama: In this type of drama the message of the drama revolves around a particular character’s life. It is usually stretched to a considerably long period of time, bringing out all that has to do with the character. An example of serial drama is, Second Chance a Mexican soap opera.
PHONE IN PROGRAMME
In broadcasting, a phone in or Call in programme is that programme format which listeners are invited to air their comment live by telephone usually in respect of a specific topic selected for discussion. It is usually broadcasted live, a phenomenon that differentiates it with most programme format. Example include “Hannu Dayawa” and “Take it or Leave it” of FRCN Kaduna and KSMC Kaduna respectively.
NEWS PROGRAMME
The programme or newscast is a regularly scheduled programme that reports Current events. It include live or recorded interviews by field reports, experts opinions, opinion poll e.t.c. News reel on KSMC is an example of news programme.
DISCUSSION PROGRAMME
In this programme, an anchor or presenter invites a guest or more to discuss on matters of public interest. The presenter presents question to the guest for each to respond individually which may end up with the guest taking different views. It may, but must not involve phoning in. example “Hard Tackle” on Brila Fm Kaduna.
DOCUMENTARY PROGRAMME
This is a programme where facts about a person, event, place e.t.c are presented through the use of sound bites and words for radio and visual for television. It is emphasizing and expressing matters as perceived without distortion of personal feeling or insertion of fictional matters or interpretation the way it is done in drama. Example of a documentary programme is “the Land Nigeria” on FRCN.
MAGAZINE PROGRAMME
According to Doki et al (2009) magazine is a popular broadcast programme featuring a variety of segment ranging from news, discussion, review e.t.c meant to educate, enlighten and entertain the audience of radio or television. It deals with a wide range of issues on social, political or economic spheres of the society. Example of such programme is “morning ride” on Supreme FM 96.1 Kaduna and kakaaki on AIT.
SCRIPT
CAMPUS FM 92.1
TITTLE OF THE PROGRAMME: CAMPUS LIFE OF THE STUDENT OF KADUNA POLYTECHNIC
DATE AND TIME OF FIRST BROADCAST:
DATE AND TIME OF REPEAT BROADCAST:
DURATION: 25” MINUTES
PRESENTER: AHMED INUSA
PRODUCER: MRS BELINDA ANYANWU
PRESENTER - “It’s better to be prepared and not have an opportunity, than to have an opportunity and not be prepared”, says Les brown.
S.M. PLAY SIGTUNE FOR 10 SEC AND FADE UNDERVOICE
PRESENTER- Hello, good morning and welcome to another interesting episode of campus life, your number one campus breakfast show that focuses on the campus life of students of Kaduna Polytechnic, and its coming to you live on your striking station 92.1 Campus FM. As you all know it is time to talk about what is here to talk about. The time now is half past six in the a.m this Monday, and touch down time is seven o’clock. On this show, we bring to you with so so on point campus issues as it is, oven hot and spicy. I am Ahmed Inusa your pilot on this flight, so fasten your seat belt for the take off.
S.M. BOOST SIGTUNE FOR 5 SEC
PRESENTER –In today’s edition, we shall be bringing to you tit bits, tips on lecture hall ethics, and there’s a fresh gist on our campus gossip segment, ‘as e de hot’, we shall also make a brief stop to check out tit’s on campus survival techniques as well as shed more light on various techniques used by our dear mates, that’s, the ajebos and the kpakos on campus throughout the semester. Before we continue, lets quickly take a tune from… P squre and lagbaja tittled Unlimited.
S.M. PLAY MUSIC “UNLIMITED” FOR 4MIN AND FADE OUT
PRESENTER - Yeah! we are simply unlimited, I Hope that music shook whats left of sleep out of you, so that your swag can be gingered, especially for those of you who hung around the girls hostel until the wee hours of the morning, remember say no be wetin dem send you come school come do be dat o.
Ok … Now a quick look into our lecture hall ethics for today:
- First of all, Make sure you get to the lecture hall before you lecturers so that you don’t distract the lecture with your latest ‘oga at the top’ t shirts’.
- Put your Berries in silence mode whether it is black or not, afterall we know wetin some of una do to get the phone.
- Please be moderate with the body spray so that you wont fall our hand by exposing the fact that you haven’t taken your bath this morning, there could be an asthmatic person sitting right beside you and I know you don’t want to be the reason your mate choked in class.
- And finally for this week on ethics… stop gisting with your peeps through the window, pinging and chatting, its disrespectful remember.
Well I hope this few tit bits will guide you through the day, there”ll be more tomorrow.
S.M. PLAY MUSIC “AREA” FOR 3 MIN AND FADE OUT
PRESENTER - That was a spectacular one by …,Sound Sultan titled Area and its dedicated to all de back benchers, una know una self, without you the campus will be a dull place, we heard some of you guys just formed ‘the anti serious team’, they are no longer concerned with academic work and activities in the school you can’t be seeing them around, except around the computer room, until when result show for board then you go de wonder how e happen, after all their slogan is, “person wey de read book, na him be serious student, but na who pass exam na him sabi book pass”. Okay, lets quickly go to our gossip desk and see whats cooking, but before then…
S.M. PLAY MUSIC “ALUTA CONTINUA” 4 MIN AND FADE OUT
PRESENTER - Well, according to our ears and eyes on campus, the guy who was caught on a prep night in the chemical engineering class for allegedly raping his course mate, was actually her boy friend, and the incident occurred after she was caught up in a day dream at night, started touching herself inappropriately and when she came to her senses, in the embarrassment, and confusion screamed like a demented banshee and when she saw the crowd, she quickly covered up and accused the guy of rape, and before the guy could say jack, he was lynched by the irate mob, who needed to blow out the steam of exam tension and if not for the timely arrival of the gallant campus security, would have met his waterloo that night.
So, guys this is a warning to avoid hanging around where your ex school partners are, especially at night during exam period, they might just use you to blow out steam. Alright that’s it from our gossip centre, stick around, there’s more to come, meanwhile, let’s take a quick commercial break
S.M. BOOST SIGTUNE FOF 5 SEC AND PLAY 3 DIFFERENT JINGLES
PRESENTER - It’s still campus life on your super dial 92.1 campus Fm, we are gradually getting to the end of the show, but not before we give you a few tips on campus survival.
Prevention they say is better than cure, so all the ladies, please avoid dark and lonely places on campus at night, you don’t know who or what might be lurking in the dark, that’s when the badoskis on campus commit atrocities, so if you have to leave the lecture hall late after jacking, please leave in group, so dat one NFA no go come reduce your bride price o
To the big boys and big girls wanna be a.k.a Jambitos, please avoid just jumping into any group just to be popular on campus, you could end up in a cult, and your life could be cut short for trying to take a short cut in life. Shine ya eyes and ears o.
Well, the semester is still fresh, so if you are not an ajebo with too much money at your disposal, bone the forming and stock up enough food, to avoid starving mid semester, especially to most angwa ajekpako babes pretending to be ajebutters if you try am, na you go wound o.
S.M. BOOST SIGTUNE FOR 5 SEC AND FADE OUT COMPLETELY
PRESENTER - This is where we draw the curtains on today’s edition of campus life, I also need to meet up with my lectures. once again its 92.1 campus FM, until I come your way again tomorrow same time, I am Ahmed Inusa urging you to have a swaggerlicious week ahead, peace am out.
CONCLUSION
The mass media as an agent of socialization plays a very important role in shaping the attitude of members of the public, same impact will it play on students of Kaduna Polytechnic. One of such programme that performs this role is campus life a programme of campus FM.
The programme on campus life will henceforth capture the heart of student’s and also has a far reaching effect. Apart from informing students of the polytechnic on issues bordering on campus it is also enlightening and educative.
Similarly, the presentation format of the programme is one that makes it standout. The use of super tits and campus gossip as the mode of presentation of the programme, is one of the most interesting aspect of the programme.
RECOMMENDATION
In an attempt to build on the study, the researcher made the following recommendations.
· The need for a functional radio house or studio, in and within the campus is very pivotal- for programmes to be aired.
· Listeners (students) should also be enlightened on how to compliment listening to their radio sets.
· The programme should be granted the priviledge to be aired on the local campus dialect (slang)
· The duration of the programme “campus life” should be adjusted to atleast an hour so that it can accommodate more segments.
REFERENCES
A Handbook of the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN).
Doki et al., (2009). Mass Media in Nigeria, Kano.
Funk and Wagnall’s Corporation (1994).
Oyo (2009) News Writing and Reporting, Lagos Smethust W. (1998). Successful Writing for Television (second edition), Oxford.
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